NEW AGENDAS: RACE

Will  discuss new agendas for advocates of civil Rights: Court ordered integration; and Affirmative Action

These were two of the new agendas that Wallace, Nixon, Agnew, and JOE were reacting to in the late sixties and early seventies

1) social movments turn to interest group politics; 

form PERMANENT lobbying organiztaions and create iron triangle basis of support

same model is followed by hispainics; asians; eventually women

                        these groups following the same practices as defense contractors 

            but are now accused of being "special intersts" not out for national good;

2) historiacl rationale is powerful:  it was basis for the policy -=- to redress past wrongs

            but historical rationale is limited:

legitimate to ask how long it TOO long

3)  COurts:  play a crucial role here:  Most influentaial role is in bussing

            Bakke  is a decision that is still influeing colelge admissions

affirmative action starts in Nixon bureaucracy

BUT, would not have gotten far without support of courts

Bureaucrats and courts play social policy ping pong

4) Most important lesson of Affirmative Action

example[e of INSULATED POLICY MAKING  coming face to face with PUBLIC SCRUTINY and REACTION to that policy

            rationale for Affirmative action – history=-- works with courts and bureaucrats

            does not work with American public

            Most effective way to challenge iron triangle politics, whether nuclear powered plan or affiramtive action, is to expose them to the light of day.

            NEW rationales, then have to be developed

            Diversity is the new rationale

in 1965 King began to address a whole range of economic issues

King also challenged the Democratic establishment on Vietnam

Busing: starting with Green v. New Kent in 1968,  the Federal judiciary moved dramatically

In 1971, Supreme Court rules in the Swann V. Mecklenberg

It was the Nixon administration that implemented a major new extension of the quest for civil rights — affirmative action in employment

Philadelphia Plan

California Regents vs. Bakke — 1978

the original rationale for affirmative action took history very seriously

Over time, the justification becomes "diversity."

There was some basis for beginning to feel that parts of the left’s agenda had take firm root in the establishment

After a 15 year hiatus, the courts had actually begun to implement the Brown decision

Administrators pressed even farther in areas of employment and education — pushing for affirmative action

administrators increasingly used the enhanced role of the federal government in people’s lives to seek social solutions

Conclude with the example of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act

NEW AGENDAS: Women and the environment

the left continued to push its agenda in other spheres

The women's movement (second wave feminism)  turned on a growing consciousness that women could be powerful, were equal or not better

This was similar to the ways in which the ideology of Black Power worked

The greatest similarity was including women in HISTORY

Women began to realize, that issues they thought were just PERSONAL were really political

The Personal is the Political became the rallying cry of the women’s movement

As you saw with Silkwood, translating PERSONAL concerns into  POLITICAL  was a driving force behind the environmental movement

What began as a broad social movement, quickly hardened into as set of highly effective interest groups

And in both the women’s movement and eniv. movement, the Courts were essential to pushing these agendas ahead

But by late 1950s women pushed out of wartime jobs are  returning to work.

THIS TIME  women stayed in job market

increasingly, women at work could expect to stay at work

if you plan to stay at work  much more sensitive to lack of advancement, less autonomy, lower pay

Birth Control Pill and Abortion give women greater control over reproductive cycle

Betty Friedan’s, The Feminine mystique (1963)

Women recognized that civil rights movement and New Left movement are sexist:

consciousness raising groups key to recognziing that the peronsal is the political

BY the late 60s, groups like the National Organization of Women -- NOW, and the Women's Eauality Action League  (WEAL) -- had created national organizations.

they functioned like NAACP Legal Defense Fund

Like the women’s movement, many date the rise of Enviornmentalism to a powerful polemic

Rachel Carsonm Silent Spring (1962)

rising wealth of American society  is key factor in rise of environmental movement

 Increased wealth led to increased leisure and that led to increased quest for liesure-time activities

concern about the QUALITY OF LIFE

Ensuring health and safety